Ramayana New World Encyclopedia. Lord Rama center with wife Sita, brother Lakshmana and devotee Hanuman. This stotram is in. View this in, with correct anuswaras marked. According to Hindu tradition and according to the Ramayana itself the epic belongs to the genre of itihasa like Mahabharata. The definition of itihsa is a. Free Hindi books online for download. Large collection of popular Hindi PDF eBooks. Topics include Hindi stories, Ayurveda and health. Rama and Lakshmana are always shown to be ready for battle with bow and arrow as it is their Kshatriyadharma to fight. Rama is shown having blue skin which is a characteristic of Vishnu. In Hinduism, the Rmyaa is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the poet Valmiki and is an important part of the Hindu canon smti. Valmiki Ramayana Telugu Pdf' title='Valmiki Ramayana Telugu Pdf' />The name Rmyaa is a compound of Rma the hero of the Epic and ayana meaning going, advancing, thus translating to the travels of Rma1. The Rmyaa consists of 2. Rama of Ayodhya, whose wife Sita is abducted by the demon king of Lanka, Rvana. In its current form, the Valmiki Ramayana is dated variously from 5. B. C. E. to 1. 00 B. C. E., or concurrent to early versions of the Mahabhrata. As with most traditional epics, it has gone through a long process of redactions and is impossible to date accurately. One of the most important literary works on ancient India, the Ramayana has had a profound impact on the devotion, art and culture in the Indian Subcontinent. The Rmyana also had an important influence on later Sanskrit poetry, primarily through its establishment of the Sloka meter. Like its epic cousin the Mahbhrata, the Rmyana is not just an ordinary story. It contains the teachings of ancient Hindu sages and presents them through allegory in narrative form. The characters of Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, Bharata, Hanumn and Rvana the villain of the piece are all fundamental to the cultural consciousness of India. The story of Rama also inspired a large amount of later day literature in various languages, notable among which are the works of the sixteenth century Hindi poet Tulsidas and the Tamil poet Kambar of the thirteenth century. The impact of the Ramayana has also spread beyond India. Starting from the eighth century, the colonization of Southeast Asia by Indians began. Several large empires like the Khmer, the Majapahits, the Sailendras, the Champas and Sri Vijaya were established. As a result of this, the Ramayana became popular in Southeast Asia and manifested itself in text, temple architecture and performance, particularly in Indonesia Java, Sumatra and Borneo, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Vietnam and Laos. Structure of Valmiki Ramayana. Valmikis Ramayana, the oldest and most widely read version of Ramayana. The text survives in numerous complete and partial manuscripts, the oldest surviving of which is dated from the eleventh century C. E. 4 The Valmiki Ramayana has been traditionally divided into seven books, dealing with the life of Rama from his birth to his death. Bala Kanda Book of the young Rama which details the miraculous birth of Rama, his early life in Ayodhya, his slaying of the demons of the forest at the request of Vishvamitra and his wedding with Sita. Ayodhya Kanda Book of Ayodhya in which Dasharatha comes to grief over his promise to Kaikeyi and the start of Ramas exile. Aranya Kanda Book of the Forest which describes Ramas life in the forest and the abduction of Sita by Ravana. Kishkinda Kanda Book of Kishkinda, the Vanara kingdom in which Rama befriends Sugriva and the Vanara army and begins the search for Sita. Sundara Kanda Book of Sundara Hanuman in which Hanuman travels to Lanka and finds Sita imprisoned there and brings back the good news to Rama. Yuddha Kanda Book of the War, which narrates the Rama Ravana war and the return of the successful Rama to Ayodhya and his coronation. Uttara Kanda Epilogue, which details the life of Rama and Sita after their return to Ayodhya, Sitas banishment and the eventual demise of Sita and Rama. There have been speculations on whether the first and the last chapters of Valmikis Ramayana were indeed written by the original author. Many experts are of the opinion that in spite of the many differences in style, and occasional contradictions in content, between these two chapters and the rest of the book, the chapters are still an integral part of the story. These two chapters contain most of the mythological interpolations found in the Ramayana, such as the miraculous birth of Rama and his divine nature as well as the numerous legends surrounding Ravana. Main characters. Rama is the hero of this epic tale. He is portrayed as an incarnation of the god Vishnu. He is the eldest and the favorite son of the King of Ayodhya, Dasharatha. He is a popular prince loved by one and all. He is the epitome of virtue. Dasaratha, forced by one of his wives Kaikeyi commands Rama to relinquish his right to the throne and go into exile by his father. While in exile, Rama kills the demon king Ravana. Sita is the wife of Rama and the daughter of king Janaka. Sita is the epitome of purity and virtue. She follows her husband into exile and there gets abducted by Ravana. She is imprisoned in the island of Lanka by Ravana. Rama rescues her by defeating the demon king Ravana. Hanuman is a monkey Vanara belonging to the monkey kingdom of Kishkinda. He worships Rama and helps find Sita by going to the kingdom of Lanka crossing the great ocean. Lakshmana, the younger brother of Rama, chose to go into exile with him. He spends his time protecting Sita and Rama. He is deceived by Ravana and Maricha into believing that Rama was in trouble while Sita gets abducted. Ravana is a demon who is the king of Lanka. He received a boon from Brahma that he will not be killed by either gods, demons or by spirits, after performing a severe penance for ten thousand years. He has ten heads and twenty arms. After getting his reward from Brahma, Ravana begins to lay waste the earth and disturbs the deeds of good Brahmins. Rama is born a human to defeat him, thus overcoming the boon given by Brahma. Dasharatha is the king of Ayodhya and the father of Rama. He has three queens, Kousalya, Sumitra and Kaikeyi, and three other sons, Bharata, Lakshmana and Shatrughna Kaikeyi, Dasharathas favorite queen forces him to make his son Bharata heir apparent and send Rama into exile. Valmiki Ramayana Telugu Pdf' title='Valmiki Ramayana Telugu Pdf' />Dashatara dies heartbroken after Rama goes into exile. Bharata is the second son of Dasharata. When he learns that his mother Kaikeyi had forced Rama into exile and caused Dasharata to die broken hearted, he storms out of the palace and goes in search of Rama. When Rama refuses to break his exile to return to the capital to assume the throne, he requests and gets Ramas sandals and places them on the throne. Vishwamitra is the sage who takes Rama into the forest at the behest of defeating the demons destroying his Vedic sacrifices. On the way back he takes Rama into Mithila where Rama sees and falls in love with Sita. Synopsis. Rama, the hero of Ramayana, is a popular deity worshiped by Hindus the route of his wanderings being, each year, trodden by devout pilgrims. The poem is not a mere literary monument, it is a part of Hinduism, and is held in such reverence that the mere reading or hearing of it, or certain passages of it, is believed by the Hindus to free them from sin and grant every desire to the reader or hearer. According to Hindu tradition, Rama is an incarnation Avatar, of the god Vishnu, who is part of the Hindu Trinity. The main purpose of this incarnation is to demonstrate the righteous path dharma for the life on earth. Ramas youth. Rama breaking the bow of Siva at Sitas Swayamvara in Mithila, by Raja Ravi Varma 1. Brahma, creator of the universe, could not revoke a boon he gave the demon king Ravana, as a reward for his severe penances, that he should not be slain by gods, demons, or spirits. Having been thus rewarded, Ravana began with the help of his evil supporters, the Rakshasas, to lay waste the earth and to do violence to the good, especially the Brahmin priests, disturbing their sacrifices. All the gods, watching this devastation, went to Brahma to find a way to deliver themselves and the earth of this evil. Ramayana Wikipedia. Ramayana 1Sanskrit, Rmyaam, pronounced rmjm, originally titled as Kaavyam Ramayanam Kritsnam Sitaayaas Charitham Mahat,2 is an ancient Indian epic poem which narrates the struggle of the divine prince Rama to rescue his wife Sita from the demon king Ravana. Along with the Mahabharata, it forms the Sanskrit. Itihasa. The epic, traditionally ascribed to the Hindu sage Valmiki, narrates the life of Rama, the legendary prince of the Kosala Kingdom. It follows his banishment from the kingdom by his father King Dasharatha, his travels across forests in India with his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana, the kidnapping of his wife by Ravana, the demon king of Lanka, resulting in a war with him, and Ramas eventual return to Ayodhya to be crowned king. The Ramayana is one of the largest ancient epics in world literature. It consists of nearly 2. Shloka meter, divided into seven Kandas books and about 5. In Hindu tradition, it is considered to be the adi kavya first poem. It depicts the duties of relationships, portraying ideal characters like the ideal father, the ideal servant, the ideal brother, the ideal wife and the ideal king. Ramayana was an important influence on later Sanskrit poetry and Hindu life and culture. Like Mahabharata, Ramayana is not just a story it presents the teachings of ancient Hindu sages in narrative allegory, interspersing philosophical and ethical elements. The characters Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, Bharata, Hanuman, Shatrughna, and Ravana are all fundamental to the cultural consciousness of India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and south east Asian countries such as Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia and Indonesia. There are many versions of Ramayana in Indian languages, besides Buddhist, Sikh and Jain adaptations. There are also Cambodian, Indonesian, Filipino, Thai, Lao, Burmese and Malaysian versions of the tale. EtymologyeditThe name Ramayana is a tatpurua compound of the name Rma. Textual history and structureedit. An artists impression of Valmiki Muni composing the Ramayana. According to Hindu tradition and according to the Ramayana itself the epic belongs to the genre of itihasa like Mahabharata. The definition of itihsa is a narrative of past events purvtta which includes teachings on the goals of human life. According to Hindu tradition, Ramayana takes place during a period of time known as Treta Yuga. In its extant form, Valmikis Ramayana is an epic poem of some 2. The text survives in several thousand partial and complete manuscripts, the oldest of which is a palm leaf manuscript found in Nepal and dated to the 1. CE. A Times of India report dated 1. December 2. 01. 5 informs about the discovery of a 6th century manuscript of the Ramayana at the Asiatic Society library, Kolkata. The Ramayana text has several regional renderings,recensions and sub recensions. Textual scholar Robert P. Goldman differentiates two major regional revisions the northern n and the southern s. Scholar Romesh Chunder Dutt writes that the Ramayana, like the Mahabharata, is a growth of centuries, but the main story is more distinctly the creation of one mind. There has been discussion as to whether the first and the last volumes bala kandam and uttara kandam of Valmikis Ramayana were composed by the original author. Most Hindus still believe they are integral parts of the book, in spite of some style differences and narrative contradictions between these two volumes and the rest of the book. Retellings include Gona Budda Reddys Ramayanam in Telugu, Kambans Ramavataram in Tamil c. Madhava Kandalis Saptakanda Ramayana in Assamese c. Krittibas Ojhas Krittivasi Ramayan also known as Shri Rama Panchali in Bengali c. Sarala Das Vilanka Ramayana c. Balaram Das Dandi Ramayana also known as the Jagamohan Ramayana c. Odia, sant. Eknaths Bhavarth Ramayan c. Marathi, Tulsidas Ramcharitamanas c. Awadhi which is an eastern form of Hindi and Thunchaththu Ezhuthachans Adhyathmaramayanam in Malayalam. Some cultural evidence, such as the presence of sati in Mahabharata but not in the main body of Ramayana, suggests that Ramayana predates Mahabharata. However, the general cultural background of Ramayana is one of the post urbanization periods of the eastern part of north India and Nepal, while Mahabharata reflects the Kuru areas west of this, from the Rigvedic to the late Vedic period. By tradition, the text belongs to the Treta Yuga, second of the four eons yuga of Hindu chronology. Rama is said to have been born in the Treta yuga to king Dasharatha in the Ikshvaku dynasty. The names of the characters Rama, Sita, Dasharatha, Janaka, Vashista, Vishwamitra are all known in late Vedic literature. However, nowhere in the surviving Vedic poetry is there a story similar to the Ramayana of Valmiki. According to the modern academic view, Vishnu, who, according to bala kanda, was incarnated as Rama, first came into prominence with the epics themselves and further, during the puranic period of the later 1st millennium CE. Also, in the epic Mahabharata, there is a version of Ramayana known as Ramopakhyana. This version is depicted as a narration to Yudhishthira. There is general consensus that books two to six form the oldest portion of the epic, while the first and last books Bala Kanda and Uttara Kanda, respectively are later additions. The author or authors of Bala Kanda and Ayodhya Kanda appear to be familiar with the eastern Gangetic basin region of northern India and with the Kosala, Mithila and Magadha regions during the period of the sixteen Mahajanapadas, based on the fact that the geographical and geopolitical data accords with what is known about the region. The knowledge of the location of the island of Lanka also lacks detail. Basing his assumption on these features, archeologist Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia has proposed a date of the 4th century BC for the composition of the text. Historian and Indologist Arthur Llewellyn Basham is of the opinion that Rama may have been a minor chief who lived in the 8th or the 7th century BCE. CharacterseditIkshvaku dynastyeditDasharatha is king of Ayodhya and father of Rama. He has three queens, Kausalya, Kaikeyi and Sumitra and three other sons Bharata, and twins Lakshmana and Shatrughna. Kaikeyi, Dasharathas favourite queen, forces him to make their son Bharata crown prince and send Rama into exile. Linear Program Polynomial Interpolation 2D. Dasharatha dies heartbroken after Rama goes into exile. Rama is the main protagonist of the tale. Portrayed as the seventh avatar of god Vishnu, he is the eldest and favourite son of Dasharatha, the king of Ayodhya and his Chief Queen, Kausalya. He is portrayed as the epitome of virtue. Dasharatha is forced by Kaikeyi to command Rama to relinquish his right to the throne for fourteen years and go into exile. Rama kills the evil demon Ravana, who abducted his wife Sita, and later returns to Ayodhya to form an ideal state. Rama and the monkey chiefs. Sita is another of the tales protagonists. She is a daughter of Mother Earth, adopted by King Janaka, and Ramas beloved wife. Rama went to Mithila and got a chance to marry her by breaking the Shiv Dhanush bow while trying to tie a knot to it in a competition organized by King Janaka of Mithila in Dhanusa. The competition was to find the most suitable husband for Sita and many princes from different states competed to win her. Sita is the avatara of goddess Lakshmi, the consort of Vishnu. Sita is portrayed as the epitome of female purity and virtue. She follows her husband into exile and is abducted by the demon king Ravana. She is imprisoned on the island of Lanka, until Rama rescues her by defeating Ravana. Later, she gives birth to twin boys Luv and Kusha. Bharata is the son of Dasharatha and Queen Kaikeyi. When he learns that his mother Kaikeyi has forced Rama into exile and caused Dasharatha to die brokenhearted, he storms out of the palace and goes in search of Rama in the forest.